J Rhinol > Volume 30(1); 2023 |
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Availability of Data and Material
The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Mi Rye Bae. Data curation: Joon Taek Oh. Formal analysis: Mi Rye Bae, Joon Taek Oh. Methodology: Mi Rye Bae. Supervision: Mi Rye Bae. Validation: Mi Rye Bae. Visualization: Joon Taek Oh. Writing—original draft: Joon Taek Oh. Writing—review & editing: Mi Rye Bae.
Variables | Total (n=93) |
Rebleeding |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Well controlled (n=39) | Rebleeding (n=54) | p-value | |||
Age (yr) | 61.3±18.5 | 59.7±19.9 | 62.4±17.4 | 0.489 | |
Sex | 0.564 | ||||
Male | 65 (69.8) | 26 (66.7) | 39 (72.3) | ||
Female | 28 (30.2) | 13 (33.3) | 15 (27.7) | ||
History of epistaxis | 15 (16.1) | 3 (7.6) | 12(22.2) | 0.086* | |
History of nasal surgery | 8 (8.6) | 2 (5.1) | 6 (11.1) | 0.461* | |
Rhinoplasty | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Septorhinoplasty | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Septoturbinoplasty | 4 | 0 | 4 | ||
Endoscopic sinus surgery and septoturbinoplasty | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Location | 0.796 | ||||
Right | 51 (54.8) | 22 (56.4) | 29 (53.7) | ||
Left | 42 (45.2) | 17 (43.6) | 25 (46.3) | ||
Elapsed time from packing to removal (hr) | 40.4±18.1 | 41.6±17.4 | 39.5±18.7 | 0.589 | |
SBP in ED (mm Hg) | 155.4±22.9 | 153.6±21.9 | 156.6±23.8 | 0.534 | |
DBP in ED (mm Hg) | 94.6±18.4 | 94.8±18.6 | 94.4±18.4 | 0.904 | |
Hypertension | 31 (33.3) | 14 (35.9) | 17 (31.5) | 0.656 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 5 (5.4) | 1 (2.6) | 4 (7.4) | 0.395* | |
Cardiovascular disease | 17 (18.3) | 5 (12.8) | 12 (22.2) | 0.247 | |
Malignancy | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.7) | 0.508* | |
Respiratory disease | 2 (2.2) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.9) | >0.999* | |
Chronic liver disease | 2 (2.2) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.9) | >0.999* | |
Anticoagulants | 11 (11.8) | 1 (2.6) | 10 (18.5) | 0.022* | |
Antiplatelets | 21 (22.6) | 7 (17.9) | 14 (25.9) | 0.364 | |
Complications | 7 | 2 (5.1) | 5 (9.3) | 0.695* | |
Nasal septal perforation | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
Nasal synechia | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
Septal perforation and synechia | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Admission for bleeding control under general anesthesia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Variable | Rebleeding group (n=54) |
Number of rebleeding episodes |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single, 1 (n=38) | Multiple, ≥2 (n=16) | p-value | ||||
Age (yr) | 62.4±17.4 | 63.3±18.2 | 60.4±15.8 | 0.394 | ||
Sex | 0.508* | |||||
Male | 39 (72.3) | 26 (68.4) | 13 (81.3) | |||
Female | 15 (27.7) | 12 (31.6) | 3 (18.7) | |||
History of epistaxis | 12 (22.2) | 11 (28.9) | 1 (6.3) | 0.084* | ||
History of nasal surgery | 6 (11.1) | 1 (2.6) | 5 (31.3) | 0.007* | ||
Septoturbinoplasty | 4 | 1 | 3 | |||
Endoscopic sinus surgery and septoturbinoplasty | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
Unknown | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
Location | 0.772* | |||||
Right | 29 (53.7) | 21 (55.3) | 8 (50.0) | |||
Left | 25 (46.3) | 17 (44.7) | 8 (50.0) | |||
Elapsed time from packing to removal (hr) | 39.5±18.7 | 40.9±20.0 | 36.1±15.2 | 0.629 | ||
SBP in ED (mm Hg) | 156.6±23.8 | 153.9±24.7 | 163.1±20.4 | 0.116 | ||
DBP in ED (mm Hg) | 94.4±18.4 | 92.0±17.5 | 99.9±20.0 | 0.247 | ||
Hypertension | 17 (31.5) | 11 (28.9) | 6 (37.5) | 0.540* | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 4 (7.4) | 3 (7.9) | 1 (6.3) | >0.999* | ||
Cardiovascular disease | 12 (22.2) | 10 (26.3) | 2 (12.5) | 0.474* | ||
Malignancy | 2 (3.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (6.3) | 0.509* | ||
Respiratory disease | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | >0.999* | ||
Chronic liver disease | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | 0.296* | ||
Anticoagulants | 10 (18.5) | 7 (18.4) | 3 (18.8) | >0.999* | ||
Antiplatelets | 14 (25.9) | 10 (26.3) | 4 (25) | >0.999* | ||
Complications | 5 (9.3) | 2 (5.2) | 3 (18.8) | 0.148* | ||
Septal perforation | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Synechia | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
Septal perforation and synechia | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
Admission for bleeding control under general anesthesia | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
Treatment of first rebleeding | ||||||
Electrocauterization | 41 (75.9) | 31 (81.6) | 10 (62.5) | 0.134 | ||
Nasal packing | 9 (16.7) | 5 (13.2) | 4 (25) | 0.425* | ||
Rapid rhino | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||
Merocel | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||
Surgicel | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||
Chemocauterization with Albothyl (policresulen solution) | 2 (3.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (6.3) | 0.509* | ||
Observation | 2 (3.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (6.3) | 0.509* | ||
Bleeding focus of rebleeding | ||||||
Anterior septum | 36 (66.7) | 25 (65.8) | 11 (68.8) | 0.833 | ||
Posterior septum | 4 (7.4) | 4 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 0.306* | ||
Middle turbinate | 1 (1.9) | 2 (5.3) | 2 (12.5) | 0.573* | ||
Inferior turbinate | 2 (3.7) | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | >0.999* | ||
Middle meatus | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | 0.296* | ||
Inferior meatus | 5 (9.3) | 4 (10.5) | 1 (6.3) | >0.999* | ||
Unknown | 2 (3.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (6.3) | 0.509* |